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What do the dots in this tr command do: tr …A-Z A-ZA-Z

what is the benefit of --squeeze-repeats in tr commandWhy can't tr read from /dev/urandom on OSX?broken pipe error with popen and JS ffiIs the historical Unix V5 tr command padding behavior of set2 different from what we consider today “classic” System V (1983-1988) behavior?Heirloom Toolchest tr: error(s) trying to delete the complement of a set containing a multibyte character?how to substitute minus sign with trPulling IP address from ping command with sed?Why does tr -sc 'A-Za-z' '[12*]' includes empty line?I cannot understand what -c parameter does in tr command in Ubuntu GNU/Linux even though I read the manualStrange behaviour of tr using ranges

.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty{ margin-bottom:0;
}

5

I want to use tr to do some rot13 transformation. I can beautifully understand this command:

tr A-Za-z N-ZA-Mn-za-m <<< "URYC ZR CYRNFR"

which output is HELP ME PLEASE, but I can't figure out how this other command can produce the same rot13 transformation:

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< "URYC ZR CYRNFR"

So I have two questions:

1. What's the magic behind the second tr command?


2. How to make the second command work for both lower and upper case, just like the first command?

tr

share|improve this question

edited 3 hours ago

Michael Homer

50.6k8140177

asked 3 hours ago

Frederico OliveiraFrederico Oliveira

242

New contributor

Frederico Oliveira is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  (count the dots)
  
  – Michael Homer
  3 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  I know there's 13 dots. What I wanna know is how it works. There's no explanation about dots in the manual
  
  – Frederico Oliveira
  3 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  you had better hope you don't run into a dot in your input text
  
  – iruvar
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

5

I want to use tr to do some rot13 transformation. I can beautifully understand this command:

tr A-Za-z N-ZA-Mn-za-m <<< "URYC ZR CYRNFR"

which output is HELP ME PLEASE, but I can't figure out how this other command can produce the same rot13 transformation:

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< "URYC ZR CYRNFR"

So I have two questions:

1. What's the magic behind the second tr command?


2. How to make the second command work for both lower and upper case, just like the first command?

tr

share|improve this question

edited 3 hours ago

Michael Homer

50.6k8140177

asked 3 hours ago

Frederico OliveiraFrederico Oliveira

242

New contributor

Frederico Oliveira is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  (count the dots)
  
  – Michael Homer
  3 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  I know there's 13 dots. What I wanna know is how it works. There's no explanation about dots in the manual
  
  – Frederico Oliveira
  3 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  

  
  1
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  
  you had better hope you don't run into a dot in your input text
  
  – iruvar
  2 hours ago
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

I want to use tr to do some rot13 transformation. I can beautifully understand this command:

tr A-Za-z N-ZA-Mn-za-m <<< "URYC ZR CYRNFR"

which output is HELP ME PLEASE, but I can't figure out how this other command can produce the same rot13 transformation:

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< "URYC ZR CYRNFR"

So I have two questions:

1. What's the magic behind the second tr command?


2. How to make the second command work for both lower and upper case, just like the first command?

tr

share|improve this question

edited 3 hours ago

Michael Homer

50.6k8140177

asked 3 hours ago

Frederico OliveiraFrederico Oliveira

242

New contributor

Frederico Oliveira is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

tr A-Za-z N-ZA-Mn-za-m <<< "URYC ZR CYRNFR"

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< "URYC ZR CYRNFR"

share|improve this question

edited 3 hours ago

Michael Homer

50.6k8140177

asked 3 hours ago

Frederico OliveiraFrederico Oliveira

242

New contributor

Frederico Oliveira is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

share|improve this question

edited 3 hours ago

Michael Homer

50.6k8140177

asked 3 hours ago

Frederico OliveiraFrederico Oliveira

242

New contributor

Frederico Oliveira is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

edited 3 hours ago

Michael Homer

50.6k8140177

edited 3 hours ago

Michael Homer

50.6k8140177

asked 3 hours ago

Frederico OliveiraFrederico Oliveira

242

New contributor

Frederico Oliveira is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

asked 3 hours ago

Frederico OliveiraFrederico Oliveira

242

2 Answers
2

active

oldest

votes

3

It works as follows:

SET1-> .............ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

SET2-> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLM

So tr will translate SET1 to SET2.

This is equivalent to first one because it is also shifting by 13 units as there 13 dots.

share|improve this answer

answered 2 hours ago

Prvt_YadvPrvt_Yadv

3,08631329

add a comment | 

-1

Ok, so thanks to @Prvt_Yadv I was able to understand the dots. Here's the first question answer:

What's the magic behind the second tr command?

The dots are replaced by a sequence of letters starting from a to the number of dots. So

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z will translate to tr A-MA-Z A-ZA-Z

In this case the sets are:

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

But since the beginning of both sets are identical until letter M, this part is discarded becoming then

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> NOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

But since the first set already contains all 26 letters and set2 has repeating trailing letter, those are discarded too, finally becoming

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> NOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLM

Which is the rot13 substitution and identical to the first command (except for not dealing with lower cases here). The same logic can be applied for the title of the question:

tr ...A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< “JVPQBOV” would become tr A-CA-Z A-ZA-Z <<< “JVPQBOV”

The sets being:

SET1 -> ABCABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

Discarding the initial identical sequence and the trailing repeating letters they become:

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZABC

Which is the rot3 substitution.

Now for the second question:

How to make the second command work for both lower and upper case, just like the first command?

The dots are substituted by a sequence of letter of the same case as the next sequence. That means that tr .....A-Z will translate to tr A-EA-Z whereas tr .....a-z will translate to tr a-ea-z. But the dots only work before the literal sequence, not after. So the immediate solution idea tr .....A-Z.....a-z won't work, because it will not translate to tr A-EA-Za-ea-z. The only reliable way to make it work is to use two tr commands as follow

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< "ABJ V hqrefgnaq" | tr .............a-z a-za-z

Now it works for both upper and lower case :)

A caveat to using the dots substitution was gave by @iruvar: this command will not work as expected when the input stings has dots. So the following command won't print T.h.a.n.k.s.

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< "G.u.n.a.x.f." | tr .............a-z a-za-z

It will print TMhMaMnMkMsM instead, substituting the dots to M

share|improve this answer

edited 1 hour ago

answered 1 hour ago

Frederico OliveiraFrederico Oliveira

242

New contributor

Frederico Oliveira is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

add a comment | 

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3

It works as follows:

SET1-> .............ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

SET2-> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLM

So tr will translate SET1 to SET2.

This is equivalent to first one because it is also shifting by 13 units as there 13 dots.

share|improve this answer

answered 2 hours ago

Prvt_YadvPrvt_Yadv

3,08631329

add a comment | 

3

It works as follows:

SET1-> .............ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

SET2-> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLM

So tr will translate SET1 to SET2.

This is equivalent to first one because it is also shifting by 13 units as there 13 dots.

share|improve this answer

answered 2 hours ago

Prvt_YadvPrvt_Yadv

3,08631329

add a comment | 

It works as follows:

SET1-> .............ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

SET2-> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLM

So tr will translate SET1 to SET2.

This is equivalent to first one because it is also shifting by 13 units as there 13 dots.

share|improve this answer

answered 2 hours ago

Prvt_YadvPrvt_Yadv

3,08631329

SET1-> .............ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

SET2-> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLM

share|improve this answer

answered 2 hours ago

Prvt_YadvPrvt_Yadv

3,08631329

answered 2 hours ago

Prvt_YadvPrvt_Yadv

3,08631329

answered 2 hours ago

Prvt_YadvPrvt_Yadv

3,08631329

-1

Ok, so thanks to @Prvt_Yadv I was able to understand the dots. Here's the first question answer:

What's the magic behind the second tr command?

The dots are replaced by a sequence of letters starting from a to the number of dots. So

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z will translate to tr A-MA-Z A-ZA-Z

In this case the sets are:

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

But since the beginning of both sets are identical until letter M, this part is discarded becoming then

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> NOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

But since the first set already contains all 26 letters and set2 has repeating trailing letter, those are discarded too, finally becoming

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> NOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLM

Which is the rot13 substitution and identical to the first command (except for not dealing with lower cases here). The same logic can be applied for the title of the question:

tr ...A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< “JVPQBOV” would become tr A-CA-Z A-ZA-Z <<< “JVPQBOV”

The sets being:

SET1 -> ABCABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

Discarding the initial identical sequence and the trailing repeating letters they become:

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZABC

Which is the rot3 substitution.

Now for the second question:

How to make the second command work for both lower and upper case, just like the first command?

The dots are substituted by a sequence of letter of the same case as the next sequence. That means that tr .....A-Z will translate to tr A-EA-Z whereas tr .....a-z will translate to tr a-ea-z. But the dots only work before the literal sequence, not after. So the immediate solution idea tr .....A-Z.....a-z won't work, because it will not translate to tr A-EA-Za-ea-z. The only reliable way to make it work is to use two tr commands as follow

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< "ABJ V hqrefgnaq" | tr .............a-z a-za-z

Now it works for both upper and lower case :)

A caveat to using the dots substitution was gave by @iruvar: this command will not work as expected when the input stings has dots. So the following command won't print T.h.a.n.k.s.

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< "G.u.n.a.x.f." | tr .............a-z a-za-z

It will print TMhMaMnMkMsM instead, substituting the dots to M

share|improve this answer

edited 1 hour ago

answered 1 hour ago

Frederico OliveiraFrederico Oliveira

242

New contributor

Frederico Oliveira is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

add a comment | 

-1

Ok, so thanks to @Prvt_Yadv I was able to understand the dots. Here's the first question answer:

What's the magic behind the second tr command?

The dots are replaced by a sequence of letters starting from a to the number of dots. So

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z will translate to tr A-MA-Z A-ZA-Z

In this case the sets are:

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

But since the beginning of both sets are identical until letter M, this part is discarded becoming then

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> NOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

But since the first set already contains all 26 letters and set2 has repeating trailing letter, those are discarded too, finally becoming

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> NOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLM

Which is the rot13 substitution and identical to the first command (except for not dealing with lower cases here). The same logic can be applied for the title of the question:

tr ...A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< “JVPQBOV” would become tr A-CA-Z A-ZA-Z <<< “JVPQBOV”

The sets being:

SET1 -> ABCABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

Discarding the initial identical sequence and the trailing repeating letters they become:

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZABC

Which is the rot3 substitution.

Now for the second question:

How to make the second command work for both lower and upper case, just like the first command?

The dots are substituted by a sequence of letter of the same case as the next sequence. That means that tr .....A-Z will translate to tr A-EA-Z whereas tr .....a-z will translate to tr a-ea-z. But the dots only work before the literal sequence, not after. So the immediate solution idea tr .....A-Z.....a-z won't work, because it will not translate to tr A-EA-Za-ea-z. The only reliable way to make it work is to use two tr commands as follow

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< "ABJ V hqrefgnaq" | tr .............a-z a-za-z

Now it works for both upper and lower case :)

A caveat to using the dots substitution was gave by @iruvar: this command will not work as expected when the input stings has dots. So the following command won't print T.h.a.n.k.s.

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< "G.u.n.a.x.f." | tr .............a-z a-za-z

It will print TMhMaMnMkMsM instead, substituting the dots to M

share|improve this answer

edited 1 hour ago

answered 1 hour ago

Frederico OliveiraFrederico Oliveira

242

New contributor

Frederico Oliveira is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

add a comment | 

Ok, so thanks to @Prvt_Yadv I was able to understand the dots. Here's the first question answer:

What's the magic behind the second tr command?

The dots are replaced by a sequence of letters starting from a to the number of dots. So

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z will translate to tr A-MA-Z A-ZA-Z

In this case the sets are:

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

But since the beginning of both sets are identical until letter M, this part is discarded becoming then

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> NOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

But since the first set already contains all 26 letters and set2 has repeating trailing letter, those are discarded too, finally becoming

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> NOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLM

Which is the rot13 substitution and identical to the first command (except for not dealing with lower cases here). The same logic can be applied for the title of the question:

tr ...A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< “JVPQBOV” would become tr A-CA-Z A-ZA-Z <<< “JVPQBOV”

The sets being:

SET1 -> ABCABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

Discarding the initial identical sequence and the trailing repeating letters they become:

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZABC

Which is the rot3 substitution.

Now for the second question:

How to make the second command work for both lower and upper case, just like the first command?

The dots are substituted by a sequence of letter of the same case as the next sequence. That means that tr .....A-Z will translate to tr A-EA-Z whereas tr .....a-z will translate to tr a-ea-z. But the dots only work before the literal sequence, not after. So the immediate solution idea tr .....A-Z.....a-z won't work, because it will not translate to tr A-EA-Za-ea-z. The only reliable way to make it work is to use two tr commands as follow

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< "ABJ V hqrefgnaq" | tr .............a-z a-za-z

Now it works for both upper and lower case :)

A caveat to using the dots substitution was gave by @iruvar: this command will not work as expected when the input stings has dots. So the following command won't print T.h.a.n.k.s.

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< "G.u.n.a.x.f." | tr .............a-z a-za-z

It will print TMhMaMnMkMsM instead, substituting the dots to M

share|improve this answer

edited 1 hour ago

answered 1 hour ago

Frederico OliveiraFrederico Oliveira

242

New contributor

Frederico Oliveira is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> NOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> NOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLM

SET1 -> ABCABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET1 -> ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZ

SET2 -> DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXWYZABC

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< "ABJ V hqrefgnaq" | tr .............a-z a-za-z

tr .............A-Z A-ZA-Z <<< "G.u.n.a.x.f." | tr .............a-z a-za-z

share|improve this answer

edited 1 hour ago

answered 1 hour ago

Frederico OliveiraFrederico Oliveira

242

New contributor

Frederico Oliveira is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

answered 1 hour ago

Frederico OliveiraFrederico Oliveira

242

New contributor

Frederico Oliveira is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

answered 1 hour ago

Frederico OliveiraFrederico Oliveira

242